Getting started with Ethereum (with links to various tools)

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Getting started with Ethereum (with links to various tools)

秦晓峰

2019-02-14 01:00

本文约12226字，阅读全文需要约49分钟

This article will focus on Ethereum, introduce relevant basic knowledge, provide various query tools and community links, and help you learn more deeply and develop on Ethereum.

Editor's note: Since its birth in 2008, the blockchain has gone through more than ten years of ups and downs, and has spawned many public chains such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and EOS. Ethereum, which was born in 2014, has gone through five full years today. This article will focus on Ethereum, introduce relevant basic knowledge, provide various query tools and community links, and help you learn more deeply and develop on Ethereum.

Editor | Lu Xiaoming

The table of contents of this Getting Started Manual is as follows:

1. What is Ethereum?
text
3. Nodes, networks, accounts and wallets
4. Ethereum mining
5. Smart contract and DApp development
6. The development history of Ethereum
7. Ethereum Community Governance: Introduction to Foundations, Communities, and Contributors
8. Others

Before introducing Ethereum, if you don't know about blockchain and Bitcoin, you can read"Blockchain 100 Questions"、"Blockchain Classroom 100 Questions"Or watch this video "The principle of bitcoin》。

secondary title

1. What is Ethereum?

What is Ethereum? according toEthereum White PaperDefinition, Ethereum is a new and open blockchain platform that allows anyone to build and use decentralized applications that run on blockchain technology; Created by many people to allow users to create complex operations as they wish; at the core of Ethereum is the Ethereum Virtual Machine ("EVM")/smart contract, which can execute arbitrary code. In computer science terms, Ethereum's virtual machine is "Turing complete”。

What exactly is Ethereum? Recommended reading by Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin"What is Ethereum"。

In addition, we recommend that you readEthereum White Paper, although you may not be able to fully understand it, you can grasp Ethereum from a higher dimension. In addition to the white paper, Ethereum also has a yellow paper and a purple paper.

Chinese VersionEnglish version/Chinese Version）；
English versionChinese Version / English version）；
Chinese VersionEnglish version/Chinese Version）。

Regarding Ethereum, there are some Ethereum libraries at home and abroad for reference. Odaily recommends:"Ethereum Official Chinese Documentation"、English version、ethdocs English version; If you don't want to read the text version, the video is also a good choice. I recommend "secondary title》。

2. Ethereum Tokens

In January 2014, Vitalik officially announced Ethereum at the North American Bitcoin Conference in Miami, Florida, USA.

In June of the same year, the Ethereum Fund (Stiftung Ethereum) was established in Zug, Switzerland, and within the next 42 days, it distributed the first batch of publicly pre-sold Ethereum, earning a net profit of 31,591 bitcoins, worth 18.4 million US dollars at the time. About 60.1 million ETH. Proceeds from the sale were first used to pay off mounting legal debts, reward developers for their months of hard work, and fund continued development of ethereum.

What are tokens?

What are Ethereum Tokens? Simply put, Ethereum tokens are digital assets built on the Ethereum blockchain. If the Ethereum blockchain is regarded as a program, tokens are to some extent the circulating currency/points in the program. The difference is that traditional points can only be issued by the program setter, while tokens on Ethereum Coins can be issued by anyone.

There are two types of tokens on Ethereum: one is the native token of the Ethereum blockchain, Ether (ETH); the other is the tokens (such as BNB) developed and issued according to the tools and standards provided by Ethereum. The most intuitive difference between the two lies in the circulation scenario. ETH is the currency of the Ethereum network, and every operation/transaction on the chain needs to pay a gas fee (a bit like a handling fee); BNB and other tokens cannot pay for fuel, only ETH can. On off-chain exchanges such as Binance, Huobi, and OKex, on-chain decentralized exchanges, or offline P2P, tokens such as BNB can also be exchanged for ETH at a certain rate.

The total issuance and circulation of tokens can be fixed or not. For example, ETH has not stopped issuing additional tokens, although Vitalik proposed to limit the supply of ETH to 120 million in April last year.

What can tokens be used for? The attributes and functions of each token must comply with the constraints of its intended use, such as paying for access to the network, driving smart contracts, incentivizing users to use a certain protocol, or acting as a fuel for ecological operations (ie Gas, explained below). Of course, there are also some tokens that have no practical use, and are not completely necessary in its ecology. Issuing tokens is only a means for the project to collect money.

node

node

A node can be simply understood as a computer/server running an Ethereum client, and all Ethereum nodes are connected through the network to form the main network. According to the different types of running clients, it can be divided into full nodes and light nodes. Light nodes need to obtain the latest data and initiate transactions by connecting to the master node.

About the difference between full nodes, light nodes and archive nodes, recommended reading"Ethereum Node Operating Cost" compiled by Odaily; To view each node, it is recommended to use the node browserethernodes。

Accounts and wallets

Ethereum accounts can be used to store all Ethereum tokens (not just ETH), and no gas is required to create them (EOS account creation costs a small amount of gas). An account is a private key and public key address pair. The public key can be understood as the account address, and the private key can be understood as the password and key of the account.

The blockchain address is based on an asymmetric encryption algorithm to generate a private key and a public key, and the address is derived from the public key according to a series of calculations. Anyone can generate a large number of private keys, public keys, and addresses, but it is very unrealistic to calculate them manually. The blockchain wallet is a tool that helps us generate private keys, public keys, and generate compliance with a certain public chain specification. Please refer to the specific calculation method"What is a Blockchain Wallet"。

Blockchain wallets can be divided into different types such as hot wallets, cold wallets, and escrow wallets. Different wallets have different properties, security, and ease of use. Among them, hot wallets are more easy to use, but because of networking, private keys are easy to be stolen. ;The cold wallet is essentially a private key storage tool with high security; the private key of the escrow wallet is escrowed by the operator. Specific differences, recommended reading"Blockchain Digital Currency Wallet Classification"。

There are also many kinds of Ethereum wallet clients, recommended reading"Basic introduction to 6 Ethereum (ETH) wallets"：

Ethereum Official Wallet: Browser Mist. Mist is a full-node wallet (in layman's terms, a full-node wallet is a wallet that synchronizes all Ethereum block information). That is to say, after opening the wallet, the computer will automatically synchronize all the Ethereum block information. The advantage is high security, no need to initiate transactions through a third party, and the address balance cannot be checked before the node is synchronized; the disadvantage is that the gas price cannot be adjusted, the network requirements are high, and a full node needs to be connected to initiate a transaction.
Parity Wallet: A wallet developed by some members of the original Ethereum Foundation. Powerful and also a full node wallet. The advantage is that it has a high degree of security and does not need to initiate transactions through a third party; the disadvantage is that it has high requirements on the network and needs to connect to nodes to initiate transactions.
imToken: mobile wallet, easy to operate, the wallet private key generated on imToken is stored locally on the mobile phone, and the platform has no backup.

Mainnet and Testnet

Mainnet and Testnet

Ethereum has always had two networks -Mainnet and Testnet. The main network is usually the default network for all clients; the so-called test network is used to simulate the behavior of the main network and has the same function as the main network, so developers can develop and test their own smart contracts, issue coins, etc. on the test network. As an environmental assessment before chaining. Conversely, when the mainnet makes any major changes to the Ethereum protocol, its testing is primarily done on these testnets.

The three most commonly used testnets are Ropsten, Kovan, and Rinkeby.

Ropsten: Only supports geth client, a POW blockchain, very similar to the Ethereum mainnet, but due to the low amount of calculation, it is vulnerable to DDOS attacks. In the past, it was attacked by spam and there were many problems.
Kovan: Only Parity client is supported; a POA blockchain cannot be mined.
Rinkeby: Support geth and Parity clients; a POA blockchain that cannot be mined. Although less computationally expensive, it is more resilient to malicious actors.

For a testing environment in development, the Rinkeby or KoVan test chains are recommended. This is because of the proof-of-work POA consensus mechanism they use, which ensures that transactions and blocks are created consistently and in a timely manner.

For more information about the mainnet and testnet, it is recommended to read "Ethereum test network testNet summary》。

orkubernetesordocker-compose, the specific construction process can refer tosecondary title。

mining

mining

As mentioned above, an important way to obtain tokens is through mining. "Mining" is actually a process of increasing the money supply. About what is mining, you can read Odaily's column《What is mining in digital currency?》

uncle blockuncle blockblock, you can get 1/32 of the mining reward.

Since Ethereum adopts the PoW (Proof of Work) consensus mechanism, miners who calculate (actually random guesses) a specific random number can obtain the right to bookkeeping in this round. Theoretically, the greater the computing power, the higher the possibility of obtaining the bookkeeping right. Because more times can be calculated (guessed) per second. The way the difficulty is dynamically adjusted is that the entire network will generate a block every 15 seconds.

Ethereum is similar to Bitcoin in many ways, but there are some differences - Ethereum blocks not only contain the transaction list but also the latest state. In addition, the block number and difficulty are also stored in the block.

The PoW algorithm used by Ethereum is called Ethash (an improved version of the Dagger-Hashimoto algorithm). Ethash's workload proof is memory-hard, which makes it resistant to ASICs.

Gas

Every computational step performed on Ethereum costs money, and the money here is gas. The design purpose of Gas is first to avoid cumbersome operations occupying more limited resources and clogging the network; second is to avoid malicious attacks on the entire network; third is to allow accounting miners to obtain certain benefits.

The price of Gas is determined by the market, similar to the transaction fee mechanism of Bitcoin. If your gas price is high, the node will prioritize your transaction.

image description

(data from etherchain.org)

Overall, "computing and storing" on Ethereum is more expensive than doing it in a traditional environment; "reading state" is free on the Ethereum network, only "writing state" is charged. About Gas, to know more, it is recommended to readuncle block。

uncle block

In the Bitcoin protocol, if a block is not part of the longest chain, it is said to be an "orphan block". It is also legal, but discovered a little later, or the network transmission is a little slower, and it has not been part of the longest chain. In Bitcoin, orphaned blocks are meaningless and will be discarded afterwards, and the miner who found the orphaned block will not receive mining-related rewards.

However, Ethereum's GHOST protocol does not believe that orphaned blocks are worthless, but rewards miners who find orphaned blocks. In Ethereum, orphan blocks are called "uncle blocks" and they can contribute to the security of the main chain.

By encouraging references to uncle blocks, the reference to the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because orphan blocks themselves are also legal); rewarding uncle blocks can alleviate the problem of mining centralization (mining pool centralization) to a certain extent.

For more information about uncle blocks, you can readas well asas well as"Ethereum Uncle Block Related Technology Analysis"。

Mining machine and mining pool

In the early days of Ethereum, it was possible to mine ether with a computer's central processing unit (CPU), but since graphics card (GPU) miners became two orders of magnitude more efficient, CPUs are no longer profitable.

Later, computers exclusively used for digital currency mining appeared, which were called "mining machines".

Ethereum currently uses graphics cards for mining. The optional graphics cards are AMD graphics card ("A card" for short) or NVIDIA graphics card ("N card" for short) - the common options for N cards are GTX 1060, GTX 960, GTX 950, GTX 750 Ti and other models.

Readers who want to try mining by themselves are recommended to read"Ethereum Beginner's Guide to Mining"。

BitmainBitmainAnnounced on Twitter the official release of Antminer E3, an ASIC mining machine suitable for Ethereum mining, designed to break the "ASIC-resistant" mining algorithm (EtHash algorithm) in Ethereum's own design.

However, the developers of the Ethereum community did not give up. They kept proposing new solutions in order to resist the infection from Bitmain. according toCointelegraphIt was reported on January 5 that Ethereum core developers have reached a preliminary consensus on the implementation of a new proof-of-work (Prog-PoW) algorithm, which can not only increase the mining "difficulty" of ASIC mining machines, but also stabilize Hash rate, improving the mining efficiency of GPU-based (rather than ASIC-based) networks.

However, at present, the community has not yet reached a consensus on whether to adopt Prog-PoW and when to adopt it. In a public conference call on February 1 this year, Ethereum developers decided to postpone the submission of ProgPow upgrade code and continue to audit instead.

If you want to follow the latest news, you can joinEthereum group ProgPoWJoin the discussion.

Another dimension of mining is the monopoly of computing power by mining pools. according toetherchain.orgAccording to the data, the current ranking of the computing power of the Ethereum mining pool is: Ethermine (30.37%), SparkPool (16.24%), NanoPool (15.51%), F2Pool (12.37%), and in the past 30 days or even half a year before, this Rankings have always been like this.

For retail investors, since the computing power is not dominant, the lucky value of block generation is not high, and it is difficult to mine blocks, so they have to join the mining pool, and the handling fee is about 1% to 5%.

query tool

To query mining income, please refer to the onlineF2Pool popular mining machineMining NetworkMining Networkdata;
andetherscanandetherchain；
browserbrowsersecondary title

smart contract

smart contract

A program on Ethereum is called a smart contract, which is a collection of code and data. A smart contract can be understood as a contract written in code that can be automatically executed on the blockchain. Many gambling blockchain games claim to use smart contracts, which can automatically pay, and there will be no dealers. It is recommended to read the Odaily column "as well asas well as"Under what circumstances is it difficult to implement smart contract application cases? "

(1) Programming

The officially recommended programming language for smart contracts is Solidity, and the file extension ends with .sol. The Solidity language is very similar to JavaScript, and can be used to develop contracts and compile into Ethereum Virtual Machine byte code.

Regarding Solidity language development, Ethereum has officially prepared the following tools:

Solidity Documentation

· Solidity online real-time compiler

· Standard contract API

· Useful Ðapp Patterns

(2) run

EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) - the Ethereum virtual machine is the operating environment for smart contracts on Ethereum. The EVM runs on the Ethereum node, and the contract is deployed on the Ethereum network, and the contract can run on the Ethereum network.

The relationship between virtual machines, smart contracts and smart contract languages, interested readers can read"Understanding the Blockchain Virtual Machine in One Article"。

orBrowser-Solidity Web IDEorsolc compiler。

When developing applications on Ethereum, it is often necessary to use the Ethereum client (wallet) - using the wallet is used to manage tokens, here is a completeList of Ethereum clients。

Geth It is the most commonly used client when developing Ethereum, developed based on the Go language; the other most commonly used isParity, based on Rust development.

(3) deployment

The deployment of a smart contract refers to publishing the contract bytecode to the blockchain, and using a specific address to mark the contract. This address is called the contract account.

After the contract is deployed, when the smart contract needs to be invoked, it is only necessary to send a message (that is, a transaction) to the contract account; after the message is triggered, the code of the smart contract will be executed in the EVM.

For specific operation details, it is recommended to read "What is Ethereum - A Beginner's Guide to Ethereum Developmentas well asethdevas well asremix, they provide basic compilation, testnet, and contract execution.

If you want to refer to projects that have been developed on Ethereum, you can log inEthereum·Github。

DApp

Decentralized applications (DApps), like traditional APPs, provide a service that enables direct interaction between users and providers. But the blockchain DApp has some combinations of smart contracts that can implement DApp-specific functions.

In the second half of last year, blockchain DApps were brought into the limelight. Many people believed that it could change the inherent problems of traditional centralized apps (opacity, lack of privacy, etc.). However, the most widely used DApps are gambling, followed by games. Of. according toDappraderAccording to the data, the maximum number of daily active users of Ethereum DApp applications does not exceed 1,500. recommended reading"What is a dapp? "

(1) query

and

· dappradaranddapp.review: In addition to viewing Ethereum, you can also view dapps on EOS and Tron chains;

· Mist: The official DApp browser of Ethereum.

· Status: A DApp browser that can be used on mobile phones.

· MetaMask: Google browser extension, turning Chrome into a DApp browser. Manage your wallet and connect to different Ethereum networks, including the local development network.

· Parity: Ethereum client, also a DApp browser.

(2) Development

How to do it if you want to develop a Dapp? First of all, Dapp development needs to understand programming languages such as Web3 Javascript API and Solidity, as follows:

· Web3 JavaScript API- This is the main JavaScript SDK when you want to interact with Ethereum nodes;

· Solidity Docs- Solidity is a smart contract language developed by Ethereum, which provides compiled opcodes for EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine);

· Solium- Strictly follow the officialSolidity Style Guidetest network

· test network- Testnet helps developers develop and test Ethereum code and interact with the network;

· Dapp development resources- Helps develop, debug and deploy Ethereum applications, specifically:Smart contract ELI5、101 noob introduction to writing smart contracts、Standardized contract API list。

Regarding dapp development, there are also some tutorials for reference:

· About ethereum.org Dapp Tutorial

· Dapps Tutorial Series for Beginners

· Solidity Tutorial Series

· secondary title

· A contract packager for Ethereum and Javascript (formerly ether-pudding)

Ethereum Roadmap

Ethereum Roadmap

According to the planning of Ethereum founders Vitalik and Gavin Wood, the development of Ethereum is divided into4 stagesEthereum Roadmap

Ethereum Roadmapas follows:

Frontier (2015.7-2016.3): Ethereum released a beta version (unofficial version) for developers to learn, experiment and start building Ethereum decentralized applications and tools;
Homestead (2016.3-2017.10): The official version of Ethereum was released, and ordinary users can also mine. There were 4 hard forks in the middle, and ETC was forked;
Metropolis (2017.10-present): Transition from PoW to PoS, with two hard forks in the middle - Byzantium and Constantinople hard forks;
Serenity (to be determined): Become a truly mainstream blockchain and upgrade to ETH 2.0.

Currently, Ethereum is still in the Metropolis (metropolis) stage, and the Constantinople hard fork has been postponed to February 27, 2019. For more details on the Serenity stage, I recommend reading Vitalik's "Ethereum Serenity Design Basis Overview》。

For more details about the history of Ethereum development, recommended reading"Ethereum Development History Review"、as well asas well as"Ethereum Five Years"。

Expansion problem

Ethereum is still in the early stages of growth and faces many problems - including consensus mechanism, throughput and other issues. Recommended reading"In-depth analysis of the development direction of Ethereum"。

In this regard, many developers, including Vitalik, are clearly aware of this, and they have proposed some expansion solutions based on "off-chain" and "layer 2" - dedicated to building Infrastructure and scaling Ethereum performance - often referred to as scaling solutions, including state channels, sharding, subchain/sidechain solutions Plasma and Truebit. Vitalik even claimed that Plasma and sharding may have a synergistic effect, making the processing speed of Ethereum reach 1 million TPS.

State channels (state channels): The designer hopes to improve the efficiency of the use of the blockchain, reduce handling fees, increase privacy while retaining the trustworthy characteristics of the blockchain by "transferring many processing processes to off-chain". State channel is a generalized form of payment channel, but it is not limited to payment, but can also be used for arbitrary "state updates" on the blockchain, such as changes in smart contracts.
Sharding: Divide the entire state of the Ethereum network into a series of partitions called shards, which contain their own independent state slices and transaction history. In such a system, specific nodes process transactions only for specific shards, allowing transaction throughput to be processed in all shards to be much higher than processing all transactions in a single shard (like the current main chain) many.
Plasma: Like state channels, Plasma is a technology for managing off-chain transactions while relying on the underlying Ethereum blockchain for its security. But Plasma takes a new approach by creating "child" blockchains attached to the "main" Ethereum blockchain. These sub-chains can in turn generate their own sub-chains in turn, which can be repeated in turn.
Truebit: Truebit is a technology that helps Ethereum perform heavy or complex calculations off-chain. It allows Ethereum-based applications to handle more complex transactions and still be verified by the main chain, and is more effective for increasing the overall transaction throughput of the Ethereum blockchain, which makes it different from state channels and Plasma.

For more details, it is recommended to read"Ethereum Layer 2 Expansion Plan"、"What is a state channel"、V God: Sharding on Ethereum、"How to Scale Ethereum: Explanation of Sharding Principles"、"Ethereum Fragmentation: overview and finality"、as well asas well as"Truebit × Manage the Future"。

ETH2.0

The above schemes are planned to be implemented in ETH 2.0. At present, the Ethereum research team has proposed some plans and assumptions about Ethereum 2.0. If you want to learn more, you can read"What is Ethereum 2.0?" compiled by Odaliy Divided into several stages? "as well as"ETH 2.0" by Vitalik. According to the article, the stages are roughly as follows:

Phase 0 introduces the Beacon Chain (The Beacon Chain): One of the functions undertaken by this chain is to allow verifiers to participate in the pledge system, replace the role of miners and become the builders of the chain. Another function is to store the index of the shard state. For a detailed introduction to the beacon chain, read"Ethereum 2.0 Protocol Core Beacon Chain Detailed Explanation"；
Phase 0+ Staking: Beacon chain and each shard chain will use Casper FFG to complete block generation. FFG is a proof-of-stake algorithm (Proof of Stake), which is used to impose penalties on bad behavior on the chain (that is, to reduce equity);
Phase 1 Sharding: Aims to reach consensus on the content of the shard chain, not its meaning. In other words, this is a "trial run" of the sharding structure, rather than trying to use sharding for expansion (Scale). The beacon chain regards the shard chain as a collection of bits with no structure or simple meaning. Shard chains do not yet own accounts, assets, or smart contracts.
Phase 2 Smart Contract: The familiar Ethereum system begins to return. At this point, the new BETH is transferable and smart contracts will be reintroduced. Each shard will manage a virtual machine based on eWASM (which we call "EVM2").
Stage 3 Off-chain state storage: Minimize the on-chain state as much as possible. It is not necessary to store the entire state when on-chain, and the user will be responsible for storing the complete state off-chain. EVM2 will support accounts, contracts, states, and other abstractions we are familiar with.
Stage 4 Fragmented Smart Contract: It is hoped to achieve cross-shard communication, but there are many difficulties that need to be solved. For details, please refer to the article.

It is worth noting that on January 31, 2019, Ethereum released the first pre-release version of Phase 0, the evolution to the Ethereum 2.0 network.

In addition, core developersBen Edgington Weekly updates on the Phase 0 specification of the Eth 2.0 Beacon chain (Beacon) are released, so it's worth paying attention to.

secondary title

Ethereum Foundation

Ethereum Foundation

In June 2014, the Ethereum Foundation was registered in Switzerland and is a non-profit organization designed to manage funds raised in the sale of Ethereum to better serve the Ethereum and decentralized technology ecosystem. Its main, but not exclusive, focus is on promoting the development of the Ethereum protocol and related technologies, and supporting applications that use Ethereum technology and protocols.

Official communications from the Ethereum Foundation are usually atEthereum BlogPresented as posts - some posts are technical, some organizational, some personal, all blog posts are onTwitterandRedditpublic on .

In addition, the Foundation will alsoyoutube channelHost some developer meetings on the website, such as the core developer call on the evening of January 18th about delaying the Constantinople fork.

Related entry summary:Official websiteTwitterCommunity；blog；Twitter；Youtube；Facebooke-maile-mailEthereum

Community

EthereumredditandGitter RoomsandStack Exchange。

Stack ExchangeThe website adopts the form of question and answer, one person posts, and others leave messages enthusiastically, and the user activity is relatively high.

Gitter It is a chat software under Github, log in with a Github account. It is the preferred forum for Ethereum daily chat, there are many core developers in it, and you can get the answers you want immediately. Developers are usuallyGitter chat and collaborate on theGithubSubmit the code above.

in additionGitter Different rooms have different themes, the core isAllCoreDevsRoom, where almost all Ethereum developers gather.

relatedGitter Room summary:

go-ethereum—— About geth (tools related to go implementation)
cpp-ethereum—— About eth (tools related to C++ implementation)
web3.js—— About web3.js (Ethereum Java Description Language User Interface Library)
Solidity——Solidity contract-related programming language
serpent—— Serpent language for contract development
mist —— GUI data acquisition and processing browser, official wallet application
light-client —— About light client and LES protocol
research ——Ethereum Research
governance—— About developer management
whisper—— Anonymous Data Telegram Published
swarm —— Decentralized content storage and distribution network
EIPs ——Ethereum Improvement Protocols (EIPs) Discussion
ethereumjs-lib ——Java description language library for the core functions of Ethereum
devp2p —— ÐΞV's peer-to-peer network protocol and framework

Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs)

The Ethereum Improvement Protocol Scheme (EIPS) aims to be a framework and informal business process for coordinating protocol improvements. People will first submit ideas to the Ethereum EIP repository as an issue or pull request. After basic filtering, proposals receive a number and are published as drafts. The Ethereum Improvement Protocol must be unanimously agreed by the community before it becomes active. From proposing changes to final agreement, it depends on the consensus of Ethereum users. For discussions on the improved protocol of Ethereum, you can enter the gitter channel about the improved protocol of Ethereum.

Meetups

Ethereum's Meetups are distributed all over the world. They usually hold offline meetups to discuss technology and industry development, and hold together to keep warm.

contributor

As an open source project, Ethereum has been supported by many developers, and the Ethereum community has also given alist of contributorssecondary title

8. Others

Ethereum has some information websites, if you are interested, you can pay attention to:

Ethereum founder & soul vitalikPersonal website:http://about.me/vitalik_buterin
Former Ethereum CTO Gavin Wood personal website:http://gavwood.com/
The personal website of Nick Szabo, the father of Ethereum smart contracts:szabo.best.vwh.net
Chronology of events in Ethereum:http://ethereumtimeline.org/
Ethereum enthusiasts:https://ethfans.org/；
Ethereum World News Network:https://ethereumworldnews.com/category/news/ethereum-news/；
Ethereum weekly report:http://www.weekinethereum.com/。

秦晓峰

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